Guidelines Manual, Chapter TwoFY2018–FY2025
§2D1.2
Drug offenses occurring near protected locations or involving underage or pregnant individuals · 0.4% of federal cases · Guidelines Manual
The datafile contains cases reported to the Commission with sentencing documents. Sentence length statistics use the Commission's capped variable (sentences of 470 months or longer, including life, are recorded as 470 months) and exclude sentences of probation or a fine only. Figures are aggregates of past cases and are not a prediction for any case.
§ 1Length of prison terms
Interquartile range 46–108 months; mean 82. <10 cases at the 470-month cap.
§ 2Summary
§2D1.2 (drug offenses occurring near protected locations or involving underage or pregnant individuals) was the primary guideline in 1,938 cases sentenced across 8 fiscal years (FY2018–FY2025), 0.4% of all cases, with 177 in FY2025. The Commission classes most of them as drug trafficking.
The median prison term under §2D1.2 was 72 months (6 years) (all cases nationally: 24 months); 99% of cases carried a prison term.
50% of sentences were within the guideline range. Of the rest, 31% were below the range on a government motion, 15% below it for other reasons and 4% above it. The departure and variance table below uses the Commission's nine SENTRNGE categories.
FY2025 had fewer cases than FY2018 (177 against 218). The median prison term was about the same in FY2025 as in FY2018.
§ 3Departures and variances
Within guideline range 50%Above range 4%Below range, government sponsored 31%Below range, other 15%Not determinable 0
| Commission category (SENTRNGE) | Cases | Share | All cases |
|---|---|---|---|
| Within range | 971 | 50.1% | 47.4% |
| Upward departure | 17 | 0.9% | 0.5% |
| Above-range variance | 59 | 3.0% | 2.6% |
| §5K1.1 substantial assistance | 213 | 11.0% | 9.5% |
| §5K3.1 early disposition | 0 | 0.0% | 9.2% |
| Government-sponsored departure | 99 | 5.1% | 1.9% |
| Government-sponsored variance | 288 | 14.9% | 8.0% |
| Downward departure | 64 | 3.3% | 2.1% |
| Below-range variance | 227 | 11.7% | 18.8% |
| Missing or indeterminable | 0 | — | — |
Shares are of cases with a determinable range status. Departures cite a provision of the Guidelines Manual; variances rest on the statutory sentencing factors (18 U.S.C. §3553(a)) after United States v. Booker.
§ 4Cases by fiscal year
| Fiscal year | Cases | Prison | Median months | Within range | Below, gov. | Below, other | Above |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FY2018 | 218 | — | 70 | 59% | 21% | 16% | — |
| FY2019 | 281 | — | 70 | 52% | 29% | 17% | — |
| FY2020 | 297 | — | 67 | 56% | 25% | 14% | 4% |
| FY2021 | 252 | — | 76 | 55% | 26% | 14% | 5% |
| FY2022 | 208 | 100% | 70 | 49% | 34% | 15% | — |
| FY2023 | 276 | — | 84 | 42% | 39% | 16% | — |
| FY2024 | 229 | — | 78 | 42% | 35% | 14% | 8% |
| FY2025 | 177 | — | 72 | 42% | 42% | 14% | — |
§ 5Offence types the Commission assigns
| Primary offence type | Cases | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Drug Trafficking | 1,938 | 100.0% |
§ 6Districts with the most cases
| District | Cases | Prison | Median months | Within range | Below, gov. | Below, other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District of Puerto Rico D.P.R. | 1,291 | 99% | 72 | 54% | 31% | 12% |
| Northern District of West Virginia N.D.W. Va. | 123 | — | 37 | 76% | 8% | 15% |
| Northern District of Iowa N.D. Iowa | 116 | 100% | 120 | 40% | 34% | 18% |
| Eastern District of Pennsylvania E.D. Pa. | 113 | — | 87 | 23% | 60% | 14% |
| District of Massachusetts D. Mass. | 24 | 100% | 20 | 54% | — | — |
| Western District of New York W.D.N.Y. | 20 | — | 36 | — | — | — |
| Southern District of Ohio S.D. Ohio | 18 | 100% | 75 | — | 56% | — |
| Western District of Texas W.D. Tex. | 16 | 100% | 26 | 88% | — | 0% |
| Central District of California C.D. Cal. | 16 | — | 120 | — | — | — |
| District of Hawaii D. Haw. | 14 | 100% | 18 | — | — | — |
| Western District of Pennsylvania W.D. Pa. | 13 | 100% | 40 | — | — | — |
| Western District of Missouri W.D. Mo. | 10 | 100% | 104 | — | — | — |
| District of Oregon D. Or. | 10 | 100% | 54 | — | — | 0% |
| Middle District of Tennessee M.D. Tenn. | <10 | fewer than 10 cases | ||||
| District of Kansas D. Kan. | <10 | fewer than 10 cases | ||||
| District of Columbia D.D.C. | <10 | fewer than 10 cases | ||||
| Middle District of Pennsylvania M.D. Pa. | <10 | fewer than 10 cases | ||||
| Northern District of Texas N.D. Tex. | <10 | fewer than 10 cases | ||||
| Southern District of Florida S.D. Fla. | <10 | fewer than 10 cases | ||||
| Eastern District of New York E.D.N.Y. | <10 | fewer than 10 cases | ||||
By circuit
| Circuit | Cases | Prison | Median months | Within range | Below, gov. | Below, other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District of Columbia Circuit | <10 | fewer than 10 cases | ||||
| First Circuit | 1,318 | 99% | 72 | 54% | 30% | 13% |
| Second Circuit | 29 | — | 37 | — | — | 38% |
| Third Circuit | 138 | — | 84 | 27% | 53% | 17% |
| Fourth Circuit | 145 | — | 44 | 71% | 10% | 16% |
| Fifth Circuit | 30 | 100% | 37 | 60% | — | — |
| Sixth Circuit | 30 | 100% | 84 | — | 50% | — |
| Seventh Circuit | 11 | — | 43 | — | — | — |
| Eighth Circuit | 141 | 100% | 120 | 39% | 36% | 18% |
| Ninth Circuit | 58 | — | 46 | 28% | 31% | 35% |
| Tenth Circuit | 17 | 100% | 108 | 0% | 71% | — |
| Eleventh Circuit | 14 | 100% | 99 | — | — | — |
§ 7Questions and answers
What is §2D1.2?
Section 2D1.2 of the Guidelines Manual: drug offenses occurring near protected locations or involving underage or pregnant individuals. On this site a case is counted under a guideline when the Commission records it as the primary guideline (GDLINEHI) applied at sentencing.
What is the typical sentence under §2D1.2?
The median prison term over FY2018–FY2025 was 72 months (6 years), with the middle half between 46 and 108 months.
How often do sentences under §2D1.2 depart or vary from the range?
50% of sentences were outside the guideline range. Substantial-assistance motions under §5K1.1 accounted for 11% and below-range variances for 12%.
Which districts see the most §2D1.2 cases?
the District of Puerto Rico (1,291), the Northern District of West Virginia (123) and the Northern District of Iowa (116).
§ 8Provenance
Source: United States Sentencing Commission, Individual Offender Datafiles, fiscal years 2018–2025 (US government works), aggregated by this site; the FY2025 file is dated 29 Apr 2026. Guideline is the Commission's GDLINEHI field (primary guideline applied). Counts below 10 are hidden or pooled. Errors in this site's processing are corrected at the next build; see corrections. Methodology.